However, some individuals have expressed a wish, however unrealistic, to be cloned, and some physicians have on occasion advertised that they were ready to carry out the cloning (Biologists use the term cloning with variable meanings, although all uses imply obtaining copies more or less precise of a biological entity.

Utility. Yet who can say that in a different cultural context Hitler might not have been one of the truly great leaders of men, or that Einstein might not have been a political villain” (Are there circumstances that would justify cloning a person, because he or she wants it? The notion of "human dignity" is commonly used to justify cloning laws. The intensity of this form of selection has not changed substantially in modern mankind, although it has been slightly reduced with respect to a few genes such as those involved in Rh blood group incompatibility.Postnatal mortality has been considerably reduced in recent times in technologically advanced countries. On the contrary, biological adaptation depends on the accidental availability of a favorable mutation, or of a combination of several mutations, at the time and place where the need arises (There is no scientific basis to the claim sometimes made that the biological evolution of mankind has stopped, or nearly so, at least in technologically advanced countries. In addition, some dyes and the ultraviolet light used to remove the egg's nucleus can damage the primate cell and prevent it from growing.Despite several highly publicized claims, human cloning still appears to be fiction. In the second approach, they use an electrical current to fuse the entire somatic cell with the empty egg.In both processes, the egg is allowed to develop into an early-stage embryo in the test-tube and then is implanted into the womb of an adult female animal.Ultimately, the adult female gives birth to an animal that has the same genetic make up as the animal that donated the somatic cell. Human cloning is a highly debated topic. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. In one experiment, two strains of rats were selected over many generations; one strain for brightness at finding their way through a maze and the other for dullness (Results of an experiment with two strains of rats: one selected for brightness and the other for dullness. Available at NCSL (2008) Human cloning laws. Indeed, Dolly, who was cloned from the cell of a 6-year-old sheep, had chromosomes that were shorter than those of other sheep her age. It must be pointed out that the population genetic consequences of curing hereditary diseases are not as immediate (“a few centuries hence”) as Muller anticipates. Sadly, the baby guar, which had developed inside a surrogate cow mother, died just a few days after its birth. The procedure consists of inserting a gene from one organism, often referred to as "foreign DNA," into the genetic material of a carrier called a vector. Over time, the telomeres become so short that the cell can no longer divide and, consequently, the cell dies. However, other primate societies do not approach the complexity of human social organization. Cultural inheritance makes possible for humans what no other organism can accomplish: the cumulative transmission of experience from generation to generation. The choice between a genetic twilight and a moral twilightSome possibilities for measuring selection intensities in manEffect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber’s congenital amaurosisVision 1 year after gene therapy for Leber’s congenital amaurosisT lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for ADA- SCID: Initial trial results after 4 yearsHematopoietic stem cell transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophyAAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced Parkinson’s disease: A double-blind, sham-surgery controlled, randomised trialExperimental Studies on the Nature of Species.

Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 520Effects of enriched and restricted early environments on the learning ability of bright and dull ratsThe Lives to Come. Although clones share the same genetic material, the environment also plays a big role in how an organism turns out.For example, the first cat to be cloned, named Cc, is a female calico cat that looks very different from her mother. The genotype of a person has an unlimited number, virtually infinite, of possibilities to be realized, which has been called the genotype’s “norm of reaction,” only one of which will be the case in a particular individual (An illustration of environmental effects on the phenotype, and of interactions between the genotype and the environment, is shown in Interacting effects of the genotype and the environment on the phenotype of the cinquefoil Comparison of the plants in any row shows how a given genotype gives rise to different phenotypes in different environments. In 2004, the issue of cloning was raised in several countries where legislatures were also considering whether research on embryonic stem cells should be supported or allowed. Successful clinical trials have been performed in patients suffering from adrenoleukodystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and hemophilia (If a genetic defect is corrected in the affected cells, tissues, or organs, but not in the germ line, the ova or sperm produced by the individual will transmit the defect to the progeny. A favorable genetic mutation newly arisen in an individual can be transmitted to a sizeable part of the human species only through innumerable generations. A cloned embryo intended for implantation into a womb requires thorough molecular testing to fully determine whether an embryo is healthy and whether the cloning process is complete. What is cloned are the genes, not the individual; the genotype, not the phenotype. However, there are a number of medical and ethical hurdles to overcome before this can be tried in humans. Organisms in general adapt to the environment by means of natural selection, by changing over generations their genetic constitution to suit the demands of the environment.


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